1. What is the role of the study of astronomy?
The role of study of Astronomy is to make us understand objects that are found beyond our planet Earth. Astronomy also help us explore processes by which these objects interact with one another on our planet. In general this field help us have a clear history of the universe,
2. Once a scientist comes up with a hypothesis, it automatically becomes a law, and never changes. False
3. When you look at Proxima Centauri (our next nearest Star at a distance of 4 LY away from us), in the night sky, you are seeing it:
c. How it appeared 4 years in the past
4. The Celestial Sphere is a real dome that surrounds the Earth. False
5. Describe a major ASTRONOMICAL contribution made by each of the following people:
a. Eratosthenes: The first person to give fairly accurate determination of Earth’s diameter. He discovered the Earth’s circumference to be 250,000 stadia.
b. Aristotle: He discovered both the Earth and the Moon are spheres,
c. Copernicus: He brought the idea at that Earth is a planet and that all the planets circle the Sun.
d. Galileo: He was the first person to make observation of things on Earth using a telescope
6. Briefly list and describe Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion.
Kepler’ first law- The law mention that orbits of all the planets are ellipses. Meaning the all planets goes round the Sun and the distance changes during this process of orbital ellipse.
Kepler’s second- The law mention the orbital speed when each planet moves around the Sun. According to this law, the closer the planet is to the Sun the greater the speed. When it is farther away from the Sun, the slower the speed.
Kepler’s third law– The law brought the relationship between the orbital period, (P) and a planet’s semimajor axis, (a). It makes us understand that a planet’s orbital period squared is proportional to the semimajor axis of its orbit cubed, P2=a3
7. For what three major purposes did ancient astronomers use the sky?
It was used to observe planets and stars
It was to track cycles of the Moon
It was used to tell time of the days and year
8. What is our universal address (from Earth to Universe)?
c. Earth, Solar System, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Group, Local Supercluster, Visible Universe
9. How many Moons could you fit across the diameter of the Earth?
Four Moons
10. The planets orbit the Sun:
c. in ellipses
11. The planets travel around the Sun with constant velocity according to Kepler’s second law:
false
Short Answer /Essay Questions:
[The answer must include all relevant information, yet not include a lot of non-relevant information for full credit. Even though you will be referencing various resources, you need to compose your answer primarily in your own words. A completely (or heavily) copied response will also result in a deduction of points. A good rule of thumb would be to attempt to explain the question to a peer who has not taken your astronomy class.]
Answer in AT LEAST 5 complete sentences for full credit.
12. What are the differences between the geocentric and heliocentric models of the solar system? Include the definition of each and their differences for full credit.
Geocentric is a term used to mean that the Earth is the centre of universe. This perspective was based on the idea that since all celestial bodies that is the Sun, Stars, Moon and other planets appears on the sky, then everything is Earth-centered. The scientist proved this to be wrong after it was discovered that Earth is one of the planet that rotates round the Sun. This discovery brought another perspective, Heliocentric. It argued that the Sun is the centre of universe. Heliocentric idea seems to be right to me because the Earth and other bodies revolve around it.
13. Who were the astronomers who contributed to the demolition of the geocentric theory? What were their arguments against the geocentric theory?
The main astronomers who were against geocentric theory where Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler. To start with Copernicus, he argued that geocentric ideas cannot be used to predict other planets of the universe if everything is Earth-centred. Galileo used his telescope and discovered other planets apart from the Earth. The planets he found were orbiting round the Sun and it made him oppose the geocentric theory. Kepler used his laws of planetary motion and found that planets orbits round the Sun which he referred to as elliptical. Just like Copernicus, he used Mathematical prove but Galileo used observational and theoretical evidence.
Define the following terms:
solar system: This is the Suns and other bodies rotating around it.
galaxy: This the solar system, and other materials such as dust and air held together on space by the gravity.
Milky Way Galaxy: The light from many stars that appears like a milky band and surrounds and diffuses into the sky.
cluster (of galaxies): These are millions of stars held together by gravity and form group of galaxies.
supercluster: This is a large region of space with clusters of galaxies. It has more than 100 million clusters of galaxies concentrated in one place
universe: This is the space covered by the Earth, planets, Moon stars and other heavily bodies.
astronomy: A field that studies objects found beyond our planet Earth
astrology: A field that studies movement of celestial bodies
constellation (modern and ancient definition): This is the formation of patterns of objects in the sky
light year (LY): Measure of how light travel in a year
astronomical unit (AU): Unit that indicates the length of average distance between Earth and the Sun (1.5 × 108 kilometers)
geocentric: A perspective that means Earth –centred
heliocentric:- A perspective that means Sun-centred
Earth’s rotation takes 24 hours to complete one rotation and 365 days to complete one revolution around the Sun
2. If your mass was 60 kg on Earth, what would it be on the moon where gravity was 1/6 as strong as on Earth?
It will remain the same mas of is 60 kg. Mass on the moon remain the same as on earth because it does not change.
3. If you slam on the brakes, you continue moving forward until your seatbelt catches you. This is an example of: A. Newton’s first law
4. You go outside to view a star rise in the sky tonight. In two days, would you have to go out earlier or later to see it rise? How much earlier or later? Four minutes earlier or later a Day
5. An object accelerates if: Either A or B
6. Name of the past, current, and future north star (why are these different?)
Because of the Earth’s axis rotation which is not fixed but to wobble like a top.
7. How many constellations are there in the modern Zodiac (not the one use for astrology)?
13
8. Two planets are at a given distance from each other in space. There is a certain force of gravity between them. If their distance was to increase, how would the force of gravity between them change? it would decrease
9. There is a _____________ relationship between the force of gravity between two planets and their separation distance. inverse
10. Briefly describe was is incorrect about this statement (according to Newton’s 3rd Law): “Every action produces and equal and opposite reaction.” Let the word “action” represent the force, and the word “reaction” represent the acceleration of each object.
I think it is correct when we change Newton’s 3rd Law to state that “Every force produces and equal and opposite acceleration.” Since acceleration involves mass of the object and force of object applied, we can describe it as the reaction caused by force exerted in equal and opposite measure.
11. How would the eccentricity of an orbiting body affect the range of velocities it takes around the Sun? the range would be smaller (smaller difference between the slow and fast speeds)
12. Revolutionary period is the same as the object’s: a. year
13. Rotational period is the same as the object’s: b. day
Short Answer / Essay Questions:
[The answer must include all relevant information, yet not include a lot of non-
relevant information for full credit. Even though you will be referencing various resources, you need to compose your answer primarily in your own words. A completely (or heavily) copied response will also result in a deduction of points. A good rule of thumb would be to attempt to explain the question to a peer who has not taken your astronomy class.]
Answer in AT LEAST 5 complete sentences for full credit.
14. Explain the main reason we have seasons. Make sure to include definitions (where applicable) for full credit. You may sketch a picture to help you answer the question (just make sure to describe the sketch).
When the Earth spins around its axis, it is tilted at 23.5 degrees perpendicularly and that the reason we have seasons. During this process of tilting, the different parts of Earth are tilted toward the Sun at different times annually. Seasons makes temperatures and daylight to change depending on your position. Countries closer to poles experiences longer days while these near Equator they have 12 hours longer days. From September to March, The Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun and causes autumn and winter. In the same months, Southern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun and we get spring and summer. That is why we have seasons at different region of the world. The figure below shows all the formation of seasons
References
https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/why-do-we-have-seasons
14. Why is a solar day longer than a sidereal day? You will need to include definitions and describe processes for full credit.
When the Earth rotates around the Sun we experience day and night. It takes 24 hours for Earth to have full rotation but I discovered that there is difference between solar day and sidereal day because of orbital motion. A sidereal day is when the Earth rotate once and it takes about 23 hours, 56 minutes. It is time between successive passages of the same star through the meridian A solar day is when the Sun return to the same position and it takes, about 24 hours. It is the time between successive passages of the Sun through the meridian .When the orbital motion of the planet happens to be in the same direction as their rotation the solar day will be longer than the sidereal day. It makes us understand that this effect is due to the Earth rotating on its axis while also orbiting the sun.
References
Define the following terms:
rotation: Movement of the Earth on its axis or around the Sun in every 24 hours
revolution: Movement of the Earth around the Sun in 365 days
solar day: It is the time between successive passages of the Sun through the meridian
sidereal day: It is time between successive passages of the same star through the meridian
celestial sphere: The apparent sphere of the sky which is large radius and centered on the observer. It helps to give directions of objects in the sky.
perihelion: The point in its orbit where a planet is nearest to the Sun
aphelion: The point in its orbit where a planet is farthest from the Sun
nadir: A celestial sphere found opposite to the zenith but down the observer
zenith: A point on celestial sphere that is opposite the gravity but above the observer
zodiac: A belt around the sky about 18° wide centered on the ecliptic
precession: The slow, conical motion of Earth’s axis of rotation caused principally by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun on Earth’s equatorial bulge
inertia: When an object to resist a change in its motion.
mass: The quantity in a substance or object
weight: The heaviness of an object
eccentricity: in an ellipse, the ratio of the distance between the foci to the major axis
acceleration: The rate of change in an object’s velocity
direct proportionality: When the ratio of two quantities is has a constant value
inverse proportionality: When the quantity of one quantity increases as the other decrease or other vice-versa
retrograde motion: An orbital motion that is opposite of what is normal
the modern definition of a constellation: An area in the sky with many groups of stars
1. How are electric and magnetic fields related?
One way electric and magnetic fields are related is electric charge can generate a magnetic field. A magnetic field can also generate electric charge. Therefore, each can generate the other.
2. What are the two nature of light models? particle in nature and wave in nature
3. What is the visible spectrum? Why is it important?
This is segment of the electromagnetic spectrum which we can see or view. It helps us to analysis properties of light such as wavelength and frequency based on color.
4. What is the simple definition of wave-particle duality as presented in your lecture and/or book reading?
Matter has both wavelike and particle properties.
5. What are the major functions of a telescope?
Light gathering, resolving, and magnifying
6. What two different components of a telescope can be used to focus light?
Mirror and lens
7. Why bother making space-based telescopes?
Because we cannot use telescope on the ozone. The Earth’s atmosphere is very much polluted and this cannot not allow us to explore the universe well. When you make space-based telescope you can view and access the universe more clearly.
8. Which telescope can produce brighter images (gather more light)? C. 8”
The lager the telescope the bigger the lens to magnify more brighter images
9. If two stars are separated by only 0.85” (seconds of arc) in the sky, which of the following telescopes would only see one star? One with a resolving power of: a. 0.50
Because it has lesser resolving power
10. What is the difference between good ‘seeing’ and good ‘transparency’? Give one condition for each.
Good ‘transparency’ means clarity. The sky is clear after the rain or wind. Good ‘seeing means you can see what cause the sky to be unclear. The smog can tell us how the sky seem to be unsettled
Use your light presentation and this infographic to help you answer the following questions:
11. List the types of wavelengths on the EM spectrum from lowest (widest) to highest (narrowest) wavelength.
Radio Waves-Microwaves-Infrared Waves-Visible Light-UV Light-X-Rays- Gamma Ray
12. List the types of wavelengths on the EM spectrum from lowest (widest) to highest (narrowest)frequency.
Radio Waves-Microwaves-Infrared Waves-Visible Light-UV Light-X-Rays- Gamma Ray
13. Are wavelength and frequency directly or inversely related?
-inverse: as one increases, the other decreases
14. How is energy related to wavelength? -Direct
How is energy related to frequency?-Inverse
15. Which of the seven types of EM spectra can survive the trip through our atmosphere and reach the ground (even if it is just partially)? List all that apply.
Radio waves is the only types of EM spectra that can survive the trip through our atmosphere and reach the ground. It has longer wavelength compared to others.
16. Using the answer to your previous question, and your understanding of the relationship between frequency and energy (high energy is more damaging), briefly explain how our atmosphere is protective to us.
The earth’s atmosphere absorbs electromagnetic waves that have shorter wavelengths and with high range of energy such as ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. They can be harmful to life.
Short Answer / Essay Questions:
[The answer must include all relevant information, yet not include a lot of non-relevant information for full credit. Even though you will be referencing various resources, you need to compose your answer primarily in your own words. A completely (or heavily) copied response will also result in a deduction of points. A good rule of thumb would be to attempt to explain the question to a peer who has not taken your astronomy class.]
Answer in AT LEAST 5 complete sentences for full credit.
17. Why do we rely on light to observe the universe? Make sure to define light, and give a relevant reason why we rely on it for full credit.
Light is the best energy that help us to observe the universe. Light energy is part of electromagnetic radiation that has varying wavelength. Astronomers cannot use telescope without the light and object on space are visible because of the light. This means that both
refractor telescope and reflector telescope depend so much on light. The Earth’s atmosphere has light but it is distorted by pollutant such dust and gases. That is why astronomer prefer using the light in the space to explore the universe.
18. What is redshift and blueshift? What is it that is actually shifting? How do you think this could be useful if observing the doppler shifts of various objects in the universe (especially those close to the neighborhood of Earth)?
Redshift are these lines in the spectra displaced toward longer wavelengths or rend of the visible spectrum. When these lines shift toward the blue end of the spectrum, we refer this as blueshift. In this case, the wavelength is the one that is actually shifting, increasing and decreasing the frequency. This change of in wavelength or frequency of the due to it relative motion away from or toward the observer (objects) is the one called Doppler. In the case of objects found in the
universe, a star may appear blueshifted when traveling towards us and redshifted when traveling away the light.
Define the following terms:
light gathering power: This is how the telescope gather more light than the human eye
resolving power: The ability of optical devices to distinguish small and closer images
magnification: The process of magnifying something
refractor: Objects or lens that cause reflection
reflector: Objects or lens that cause refraction
Schmidt-Cassegrain: A telescope that has Schmidt plate and Cassegrain reflector
Transparency: Measuring the clarity of the sky
Seeing: How sharp we can see the sky
Light: One of the form of electromagnetic radiation
Reflection: When light bounces off from another material
Refraction: The bending of electromagnetic waves or light when passing from one medium to another
Visible spectrum: The area on the electromagnetic spectrum where human eye can observe visible light
Doppler shift: The change of in wavelength or frequency of the due to its relative motion away from or toward the observer (objects)
Redshift: These lines in the spectra displaced toward longer wavelengths or rend of the visible spectrum
Blueshift: These lines shift toward the blue end of the spectrum
Wavelength: The distance covered to complete one Oscillation.
Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum: A collection of electromagnetic radiation arranged in wavelength and frequency
Spectroscopy: The study of electromagnetic radiation of stars and other celestial objects
Continuous spectrum: Contains all wavelengths of light
Emission line spectrum: Colored lines that corresponding to wavelengths
Absorption line spectrum: Darkening lines on a continuous spectrum
1. How many planets are there in the solar system (don’t count dwarf planets)?
a. 8
2. What is the most abundant (non-observable) material in our galaxy?
Dark Matter
3. What are the two most abundant elements of the universe? (choose all that apply)
hydrogen and helium
4. What object (or objects) is (are) the second most massive component of the Solar System?
Jupiter
5. What are Dwarf Planets also known as?
Plutoids
6. Type in at least four differences between the planets (I did one for you. You do four more. Use the text and my presentations to help you answer this question).
| Inner Planets (Terrestrial) | Outer Planets (Jovian) |
| Close to each other Solid rocklike surfaces Very thin atmosphere Orbits nearer the Sun Smaller in diameter | Far From each other Liquid ,gaseous surfaces Very think deep atmosphere Orbits further from the Sun Larger in diameter |
7. What were planets typically named after?
The gods and goddesses from Roman
8. What were the main stages of the solar system formation theory? (List with a brief explanation of each)
Stage 1-The solar nebula collapsed and an interstellar cloud of gas and dust, mostly hydrogen and helium
Stage 2-The matter at center begins spinning disk of dust and vapor and form an accretion disk.
Stage 3-Gravitational forces attract and hold gas from the centre of solar nebula.
Stage 4 -Radiation energy occurs at the centre of nebula die to Condensation
Stage 5 -Formation of planetesimals, which became the building blocks of the planets.
9. If you only count the percentage of total mass of the solar system of all objects, except the Sun, approximately what does that number become?
Approximately 0.2% because the Sun 99.8% of the Solar system
10. Which two planets were discovered after the invention of the telescope?
What is strange about the rotations of Uranus and Venus?
Neptune and Uranus
11. Comets are (icy) andasteroids are (rocky).
12. Where are the asteroids located (all main locations)?
Along the asteroid belt, between Jupiter and Mars
13. Where are the comets located? (all main locations)?
In the Oort cloud found beyond Neptune
Use the planetary data grid to answer the following questions:
| Name | Distance from Sun (AU)[2] | Revolution Period (y) | Diameter (km) | Mass (1023 kg) | Density (g/cm3)[3] |
| Mercury | 0.39 | 0.24 | 4,878 | 3.3 | 5.4 |
| Venus | 0.72 | 0.62 | 12,120 | 48.7 | 5.2 |
| Earth | 1.00 | 1.00 | 12,756 | 59.8 | 5.5 |
| Mars | 1.52 | 1.88 | 6,787 | 6.4 | 3.9 |
| Jupiter | 5.20 | 11.86 | 142,984 | 18,991 | 1.3 |
| Saturn | 9.54 | 29.46 | 120,536 | 5686 | 0.7 |
| Uranus | 19.18 | 84.07 | 51,118 | 866 | 1.3 |
| Neptune | 30.06 | 164.82 | 49,660 | 1030 | 1.6 |
14. List the 4 terrestrial worlds in order from smallest to largest.
Moon- Mercury- Mars- Venus- Earth
15. Which of the inner planets has the shortest year?
Mercury
16. Which planet is most like the Earth in size?
Venus
17. Which planet has nearly the same length Day as Earth?
Mars
18. Which planet will celebrate only ONE year in the same amount of time the average human lives their ENTIRE life?
Uranus
19. What pattern do you notice about average distance from the Sun, and length of year? Longer year
20. What pattern do you notice about size of planet and length of day?
no pattern
Short Answer / Essay Questions:
[The answer must include all relevant information, yet not include a lot of non-relevant information for full credit. Even though you will be referencing various resources, you need to compose your answer primarily in your own words. A completely (or heavily) copied response will also result in a deduction of points. A good rule of thumb would be to attempt to explain the question to a peer who has not taken your astronomy class.]
Answer in AT LEAST 5-7 complete sentences for full credit.
21. Why is the surface of Venus so hot? Describe processes and make sure to include definitions for full credit.
The surface of Venus so hot because this planet is closer to the Sun which is the hottest planet in the Solar System. Venus is the second closest to the Sun after Mar. Venus is thick with yellowish clouds. These clouds have sulfuric acid that trap heat coming from the atmosphere. Venus atmosphere is full of carbon dioxide which radiates more wavelengths on the surface of the planet. The pressure on Venus is more than 90 times greater than that of Earth. Another thing is the Venus rotates opposite direction of the Earth’s direction.
22. Describe and differentiate between the formation of the atmospheres of the inner planets vs. the outer planets? Make sure to describe the distinguishing characteristics of each type of atmosphere an describe the atmospheric process formation in each for full credit.
I discovered that the Solar System has innermost and the outermost planets. The inner planets have shorter orbits and slower rotation. These planets also have no rings and their surfaces are mostly rocks and metals. On the other side outer planets have longer orbits, numerous moons and rings and their rotations are a bit faster. Outer planets are also made up of hydrogen and helium. The process of condensation occurs in both of these planets because they experience temperature on their atmospheres. The inner planets use the temperature in differentiation process. The outer planets us temperature for vaporization. The inner planets also have weaker force of gravity weaker gravity unlike outer planets. That is why Jupiter has high force of gravity because of thicker atmosphere Compared to the Earth that has a thinner atmosphere.
Define the following terms:
1. What are the interior sections of the Earth from core outward?
Inner core, the outer core, the mantle and the crust
2. What does the solar wind do to the Earth’s magnetic field?
The solar wind helps the Earth’s magnetic field not to stripe away our atmosphere.
3. List all of the continental plates:
The Pacific plate, , Antarctic plate , North American plate, South American plate, African plate, Eurasian plate
4. On which continental plate does North America Reside primarily?
The North American Plate
5. Based off of the illustration of the continental plates and their directions of motion, why might the West Coast be more prone to earthquakes than the east coast?
It lies along the boundaries of major tectonic plates- ocean plates and North American Plate
6. Which two atmospheric zones share roughly the same temperature?
Stratosphere and thermosphere
7. In which large domain of the tree of life do humans reside
Eukarya
8. By how much had the Concentration of CO2 in our atmosphere increased from the years 2000 to 2010?
20ppm
9. Why is it so difficult to see cratering on the Earth vs on the Moon for example?
Because of the weathering and erosion found on their surfaces.
10. What crater is thought to be the known location of the impact that wiped out the dinosaurs?
Chicxulub crater
Short Answer / Essay Questions:
[The answer must include all relevant information, yet not include a lot of non-relevant information for full credit. Even though you will be referencing various resources, you need to compose your answer primarily in your own words. A completely (or heavily) copied response will also result in a deduction of points. A good rule of thumb would be to attempt to explain the question to a peer who has not taken your astronomy class.]
Answer in AT LEAST 5-7 complete sentences for full credit.
11. What are the two types of seismic waves? Describe how each of them work. Which one can penetrate through the liquid outer core?
We learned that Seismic waves are wave-like energy that results from the Earth breaking or exploding. These kind of waves are produced by either earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or large landslides. The waves are recorded on seismographs in form of energy. The two types of seismic waves are body waves and surface waves. The body waves move through the Earth’s inner layers. Examples of body waves are P-waves (Primary waves) and S-waves (Secondary waves). P-waves are the fastest waves and can penetrate in solids, liquids, and gases. The can travel through the Earth and penetrate through the liquid outer core. S-waves are slower and can only travel through solids. They can travel through the mantle but not the liquid outer core.
12. Why is the greenhouse effect important? Why can it be dangerous if taken to extremes? Make sure to define the greenhouse effect and describe its process for full credit.
We learned that greenhouse effect is when gases in the Earth’s atmosphere trap heat in the atmosphere that comes from the Sun. So, as these gases absorb Sun’s heat, it help in regulating the temperatures of our planet. Without natural greenhouse effect the Earth’s average temperature would be affect us and make it uncomfortable to accommodate us. Which means the Earth’ atmosphere would be much warmer. If greenhouse effect is taken to extremes, it would also be dangerous in term of environmental and health effects. One, the extreme heat on the atmosphere will cause climate change that comes with drought, floods, wildfire and extreme weather. The trapped heat can also cause skin and respiratory diseases.
Define the following terms:
1. Phases of the Moon.
New Moon, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full Moon, Waning Gibbous, Last Quarter, Waning Crescent, and back to New Moon.
2. Tidal locking
Tidal locking, or synchronous rotation, alludes to the idea that the Moon rotates on its axis and around the Earth in the same length of time. This indicates that the Moon’s face that faces Earth always is the same. This explains why, from Earth, we can only see the Moon’s near side.
3. Contrast of the two sides of the moon.
The near side of the Moon has several dark maria (plural of mare, meaning “seas”), which are large, dark basaltic plains formed by lava flows. The far side of the Moon is dominated by highlands, which are lighter-colored and more heavily cratered.
4. What are the overarching goals of the Artemis Program?
5. Purpose of crashing a probe into a crater on the Moon’s south pole?
As part of the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite mission, the Centaur impactor was purposefully crashed into a crater on the Moon’s south pole in order to find out if water-ice is present in craters that are constantly shadowed at the lunar poles. The presence of water-ice, as well as the Moon’s chemical activity and water cycle, were verified by an investigation of the impact-created plume.
6. Surface features on the Moon.
7. Current accepted theory of the formation of the Moon?
Impact
8. What is wrong with this statement? “The two sides of the moon are the Near side and the Dark side.”
The “Dark side” of the moon does not exist, so the assertion is false. Since the moon revolves on its axis, sunlight reaches each side of the body at various times. The two sides are called the Near and Far sides.
Short Answer / Essay Questions:
9. Two types of total eclipses and the two conditions required to produce each.
An eclipse occurs when one solar object completely or partially blocks the light from another. There exist two total eclipses – solar and lunar eclipses. When the Moon moves in front of the Sun and the Earth, it blocks out light and creates a shadow on the planet. This phenomenon is called a solar eclipse. Only during the New Moon phase, can there be a solar eclipse. The Moon must be at the proper distance from Earth in order for the disk of the Sun to be fully covered during a total solar eclipse. When the Earth moves in front of the Sun and the Moon, a lunar eclipse happens, shadowing the Moon. Only when the Earth is positioned between the Sun and the Moon’s line of sight during the Full Moon phase can there be a lunar eclipse.
10. Original theories of the formation of the Moon.
Terms definitions:
Eclipse: partial or complete light obstruction caused by one astronomical object by another.
Solar eclipse: is a natural phenomenon in which the Moon moves between the Sun and the Earth, obstructing light and leaving a shadow behind.
Lunar eclipse: an eclipse in which the Moon is shadowed by the Earth as it moves between the Sun and the Moon.
ecliptic: The Earth’s orbital plane.
crater: a circular indentation created by a smaller item striking a solid astronomical object at high speed.
crescent Moon: The Moon phase when it appears as a slender crescent.
quarter Moon: The Moon phase when it appears as a half-illuminated disk (either half-lit or half-dark).
gibbous Moon: The phase of the Moon when it appears as a more than half-illuminated disk.
new Moon: The phase of the Moon when it is not illuminated by the Sun as seen from Earth.
waxing: the process of the Moon’s luminous area getting bigger.
waning: The process of the illuminated portion of the Moon decreasing in size.
maria (singular: mare): The Moon’s vast, black basaltic plains are the result of lava flows into old impact basins.
highlands: The lighter-colored, silica-rich anorthosites that make up most of the lunar crust.
synchronous rotation: The state in which an object rotates on its axis and around its center of mass in the same length of time another object, resulting in the same side always facing the other object.
1. What is unique about Mercury’s rotational period?
Mercury’s rotational period is unique because it rotates three times for every two revolutions it makes around the Sun, creating a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance. This is similar to how the Moon is tidally locked to Earth, rotating once per orbit. However, Mercury is not tidally locked to the Sun.
2. Why the images of the surface of Venus look so orange?
The images of Venus’ surface appear orange because they are taken using radar imaging that penetrates through the planet’s thick cloud cover. The orange color is an artificial representation chosen to highlight surface features.
3. Current rover on Mars, and its mission.
One current rover on Mars is Curiosity, whose mission is to investigate the climate and geology of Mars, and assess the habitability of past and present Mars environments.
4. Does the ‘face’ on Mars look like a face in high resolution images?
No, the so-called ‘face’ on Mars does not actually look like a face in high-resolution images. It was an optical illusion caused by the low resolution of early images.
5. The strange thing about Mercury’s rotation?
Mercury’s rotation is strange because it was once believed to be tidally locked to the Sun, rotating once per orbit. However, observations showed that Mercury’s rotation period is just two-thirds of its orbital period, creating the 3:2 spin-orbit resonance.
6. What caused the runaway greenhouse effect on Venus?
Large-scale carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere created a positive feedback loop that finally boiled away all surface water on Venus by raising temperatures and releasing more greenhouse gases. This is what produced the runaway greenhouse effect on Venus.
7. What caused the runaway refrigerator effect on Mars?
The runaway refrigerator effect on Mars is thought to have been caused by the planet’s low surface gravity, which allowed atmospheric gases to escape into space more easily, leading to a decrease in greenhouse gases and a gradual cooling of the planet’s surface.
8. The overarching goals of Mars’ Curiosity rover?
The overarching goals of the Curiosity rover on Mars include investigating the climate and geology of Mars, assessing the habitability of past and present Mars environments, and searching for signs of ancient microbial life.
Short Answer / Essay Questions:
9. Similarities and differences between the Moon and Mercury.
Some of the similarities between the Moon and Mercury include:
The differences are:
10. Similarities and differences between Venus, Mars, and Earth.
Similarities between Venus, Mars, and Earth include:
Differences include:
Earth has a moderate atmosphere and temperatures that have allowed liquid water to persist on its surface, enabling the development of life.
1. Which probe took measurements of Jupiter’s atmosphere in 1995?
The Galileo Jupiter atmospheric probe took valuable measurements of Jupiter’s atmosphere. It was launched by NASA in 1989 and hit Jupiter’s atmosphere in 1995, where it returned crucial information before crashing upon entry.
2. How does our view of Saturn and its rings change over time?
Our view of Saturn and its rings changes over time due to the planet’s tilted axis of rotation. With a tilt of 27 degrees, we can observe two phases of Saturn’s rings when its seasons change. In the first period of Saturn year, the planet tilts towards the Sun, which illuminates the upper side of the rings. During the second period of Saturn year, it leans back from the Sun, which illuminates the south pole, making the bottom side of the rings visible.
3. Which outer planet has the largest wind speeds?
Saturn has the largest wind speed among the four wind speed. It has the highest peak wind speeds, making it the windiest planet.
4. What were the primary missions of Voyager and Galileo?
Voyager was meant to conduct a flyby mission around Jupiter and Saturn to produce quick looks of the planets, which helped explore the outer giant planets. Galileo’s primary mission was to orbit and enter the atmosphere of Jupiter to provide detailed information about the planet’s surface and outer atmospheric layers.
5. What does Earth look like from Saturn?
Earth is visible from Saturn as a tiny blue dot observed below the planet’s main rings.
6. Compare the compositions of the atmosphere of Saturn and that of the composition of the Sun.
Saturn has nearly the same chemical composition as the Sun. Both the atmospheres of the Sun and Saturn are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Saturn’s atmosphere comprises about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium with slight proportions of hydrocarbons. Similarly, the Sun’s atmosphere comprises approximately 73% of its mass and 25% helium. Therefore, the enormous abundance of hydrogen and helium in the atmospheres of the Sun and Saturn suggests that they share similar chemical compositions.
7. What is the most famous of Jupiter’s storms called?
The most famous of Jupiter’s storms is called the Great Red Spot, which is located in the planet’s southern hemisphere.
8. Which outer planet has the strongest magnetic field? What type of radiation does it emit?
Jupiter has the strongest magnetic field, which results from the electric currents in the planet’s rapidly spinning interior. The planet emits synchrotron radiation, which is a type of radiation generated when a magnetic field causes high-speed electrons to move at faster speeds.
9. What seasonal ramifications are there on Uranus, given its unique tilt? Make sure to describe the tilt and make reference to what causes seasons in your answer for full credit.
Uranus has an extreme tilt angle of approximately 98 degrees with respect to the northern hemisphere (Fraknoi et al., 2022). This unique tilt leaves it orbiting almost sideways, creating extreme seasons. A tilt exposes a planet’s north and south poles to the Sun at different time periods, which creates different seasons (Mitchell et al., 2021). Therefore, Uranus’ unusual tilt causes extreme 21-year seasonal changes. When the north pole faces the Sun, the northern hemisphere experiences a 21-year sunlit summer. In the next 21 years, the Sun shines on the planet’s equator while the hemispheres experience cycles of light and darkness as it rotates. Finally, there is a 21-year period in which the planet’s southern hemisphere is illuminated while the northern plunges into darkness. The seasonal ramifications are even worse at the poles because they experience longer periods of light and darkness.
10. What is the major difference between the rotational period of the outer planets and the inner planets? What would your work week look like on Jupiter?
The giant outer planets have quicker rotational speeds compared to the inner planets. Considering the large size of the outer planets, their mass increases the angular momentum that makes them rotate faster. Inner planets have longer rotational periods, with Earth spinning faster compared to the rest. Jupiter rotates at approximately 10 hours compared to Earth’s 24 hours (Fraknoi et al., 2022). Therefore, Jupiter spins at approximately 2.5 times faster than Earth. As a result, a work week on Earth would be about three days on Jupiter.
Define the following terms:
Great Red Spot of Jupiter: It refers to a long-lasting region of high pressure in Jupiter’s southern hemisphere that forms a persistent storm.
Great Dark Spot of Neptune: The Great Dark Spot refers to a huge spinning storm that formed in Neptune’s southern atmosphere and produced the strongest winds of about 1,500 miles per hour.
Synchrotron radiation: It is a form of electromagnetic radiation generated when charged particles when charged particles are accelerated and bent by strong electromagnetic fields.
Photochemistry: It is a branch of chemistry that studies the mechanisms and effects of chemical reactions caused by light.
The Grand Tour: The Grand Tour is a special manoeuvre of a spacecraft that allows it to visit all four outer planets at once by leveraging the once-every-175-year planetary arrangement.
Saturn’s Hexagon: It is an anomalous cloud structure with a hexagonal wave pattern visible around Saturn’s north pole.
References
Fraknoi, A., Morrison, D., & Wolff , S. (2022). Astronomy 2e. OpenStax . https://openstax.org/details/books/astronomy-2e
Mitchell, D. M., Scott, R. K., Seviour, W. J., Thomson, S. I., Waugh, D. W., Teanby, N. A., & Ball, E. R. (2021). Polar vortices in planetary atmospheres. Reviews of Geophysics, 59(4), https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000723.
1. Name the largest moon of Saturn
b. Titan
2. Name the largest moon in the solar system
3. The moon Europa experiences natural flexing. What types of features result?
c. ridges resembling a freeway system
4. The liquid lakes on titan are likely composed of
c. methane and ethane
5. Pluto was easy to detect because it was so large and bright compared to the background
stars. True
6. Which telescope or spacecraft has taken the highest resolution of Pluto to date?
7. Saturn’s rings are solid false?
8. Saturn is the only planet in the solar system with rings. false?
9. Which outer solar system moon is most similar in size to Earth’s moon?
Jupiter’s Io moon has the most similar size to Earth’s moon. The Earth’s moon is approximately 1.2 times larger than the size of Io.
10. Compare and contrast the ring systems of the outer planets.
Each of the four outer planets has a ring system composed of billions of moonlets that orbit close to the corresponding planet. Among the four planets, Saturn’s rings are the most easily observable and prominent due to their high ice content and large radius. Jupiter’s rings are fainter than Saturn’s rings as they are mainly made up of dust particles. On the other hand, the ring systems of Uranus and Neptune are the darkest and less visible as they consist primarily of large rock contents.
11. Why would you not want to get caught in a rainstorm on Titan?
Getting caught in a rainstorm on Titan would be hazardous for two primary reasons. First, Titan’s average surface temperature is approximately -179 oC. Second, its rains are composed primarily of hydrocarbons, including methane and ethane, which stay as liquids at frigid temperatures. Therefore, considering the extreme methane and low temperatures, one would not want to get caught in a rainstorm on Titan.
Answer in AT LEAST 5 complete sentences for full credit.
12. Why was Pluto originally classified as a planet and what let to its declassification? Make sure to include definitions and processes for full credit.
Pluto was initially categorized as a planet as it was the only known spherical object beyond Neptune orbiting around the Sun. It was classified as a planet after the analysis of two images taken on separate nights by the Lowell Observatory showed a faint object that drifted back and forth beyond the outer planets (Fraknoi et al., 2022). However, its orbit is considered eccentric meaning it is not circular as that of typical planets.
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) declassified Pluto as a planet in 2006 after it failed to meet the criteria for a full-sized planet (Fraknoi et al., 2022). While it was observed to be in orbit around the Sun and had adequate mass to assume a round shape, several small objects were found around its orbit. Therefore, the IAU considered Pluto a dwarf planet, which means that its size is smaller than that of terrestrial planets and that it has not cleared its neighbouring region.
Define the following terms:
References
Fraknoi, A., Morrison, D., & Wolff , S. (2022). Astronomy 2e. OpenStax . https://openstax.org/details/books/astronomy-2e
1. Where are the asteroids found? What is the shape of their orbits?
The majority of asteroids are found in the asteroid belt, a huge space between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids’ orbits are elliptically shaped.
2. Where are the comets found? What is the shape of their orbits?
Comets are located in the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud, which are regions beyond Neptune. The Kuiper belt hosts short-term comets, while the Oort cloud is home to long-period comets. Comets orbit the Sun in elliptical orbits.
3. Which of the two objects (asteroids or comets) is mostly made of rock?
Asteroids. Asteroids are composed of rocky materials and metals.
4. Which (asteroids or comets) is mostly made of ice?
Comets. Comets are mainly composed of a chunk of icy materials.
5. What is a NEO, and why should we be concerned about them?
A near-Earth object (NEO) is a celestial object, mainly an asteroid or comet, that has been nudged by the gravity of neighboring planets, pushing it into orbits that cross or approach Earth’s orbit. We should be concerned about NEOs because of their disastrous effects when they collide with Earth or their high-energy emissions that can cause global climate disasters.
6. What is the main thing that differentiates meteors and meteorites?
b. location
7. What are meteor showers named after?
Meteor showers are named after the closest constellations in which they appear in the sky.
8. Describe the three possible fates of a comet within the gravitational influence of a planet.
When a comet nears or enters the gravitational influence of a planet, it can collide with the planet and get destroyed permanently. The second fate is that they may be accelerated and ejected from the solar system. In the third fate, the comet may experience perturbations, making its orbit to shorten and lose its materials as it nears the Sun.
9. What is the difference between a NEO and a NEA?
A Near-Earth Object (NEO) is either an asteroid or comet whose orbit is closer to Earth with a perihelion below 1.3 astronomical units. A Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) is an asteroid with a diameter of over 1 km that approaches the Earth’s orbit and makes part of 90% of the Near-Earth Objects.
10. What major meteor shower occurs in December? What constellation must you look toward to see it?
Geminid meteor shower. You must look towards the Gemini constellation to observe this meteor shower.
11. Short-period comets are associated with what class of objects?
a. Kuiper belt objects
12. Long-period comets are associated with what class of objects?
c. the Oort cloud
13. Which are the least common type of asteroid? C. M-type
14. Which are also known as the ‘dark asteroids’? C-type
15. It is estimated that there are a million NEAs capable of hitting Earth that are smaller than 1 kilometer but still large enough to destroy a city, and our surveys have found
a. nearly all of them b. about half of them
Short Answer / Essay Questions:
16. What are the differences between the two tails of a comet? Describe the differences and why there are differences. Make sure to include definitions, shapes, and processes for full credit.
Comets form two tails as they approach the Sun: the ion and dust tails. Both tails point away from the Sun. The dust tail forms the brightest part of a comet that spreads out in a curved shape (Fraknoi et al., 2022). This smooth curve of the dust tail results from the spreading out of individual dust particles along the comet’s orbit due to the pressure of light from the Sun. In contrast, the ion tail is the fainter part of a comet that consists of charged particles (Fraknoi et al., 2022). This tail is pushed outward directedly by the Sun’s ionized particles, forming a straight line. The ion tail results from the interaction of a wind of the Sun’s charged particles and the comet’s plasma.
Define the following terms:
Asteroid: An asteroid is a celestial body composed of remnant rocky or metallic materials left behind during the formation of the solar system. It orbits the Sun.
comet: A comet is a small celestial object composed of icy particles that orbit the Sun and can produce a gravitationally unbound atmosphere when it approaches the Sun.
Ion tail: The ion tail is part of a comet formed by a stream of ionized particles from the Sun and points straight away from this planetary system star.
Dust tail: The dust tail is the visually spectacular, curved part of a comet that is formed by dust particles blown back by solar wind pressure.
Meteor: A meteor is a small rocky object that enters the Earth’s atmosphere and produces a streak of light.
meteorite: A meteorite is a rock that originates from interplanetary space and hits the surface of a planet or moon.
Meteoroid: A meteoroid is a small rocky object in space, ranging from the size of dust grains to minor asteroids.
NEA: An NEA is an asteroid whose orbit brings it closer to the Earth’s orbit.
Ceres: Ceres is a dwarf planet that is observed as the largest celestial object in the asteroid belt.
Asteroid belt: An asteroid belt is a region in the solar system between Mars and Jupiter. It is composed of a ring of dust and rocky materials that orbit the Sun.
NEO: An NEO is an asteroid or comet whose orbit is closer to the Earth’s object and lies 1.3 astronomical units from the Sun.
TNO: A trans-Neptunian object (TNO) refers to a minor planetary body that orbits the Sun beyond Neptune.
Kuiper Belt: The Kuiper Belt is a region of small icy celestial bodies that orbit the Sun beyond the orbit of Neptune.
Oort Cloud: Oort Cloud refers to a giant spherical region of icy small objects that revolves around the Sun beyond the Kuiper Belt.
Meteor shower: A meteor shower is an event in which several meteors radiate from one point in the sky. It is observed at night and lasts for hours.
Radiant: A radiant is a point in the sky from which a meteor appears to originate.
References
Fraknoi, A., Morrison, D., & Wolff , S. (2022). Astronomy 2e. OpenStax . https://openstax.org/details/books/astronomy-2e
1. As a planet orbits a star, it makes a big ellipse, but its gravity has a similar effect on the star, causing the star to make a smaller ellipse. What type of motion is this?
Retrograde motion.
2. The detection of exoplanets is relatively new
True.
3. What spacecraft was specifically designed to detect exoplanets? c. Kepler
4. Exoplanets are now very easy to see directly with a telescope. False?
5. How can we indirectly detect an exoplanet forming in a new solar system?
b. through dust lanes being carved out of the gas cloud
6. The two most successful methods for detecting exoplanets have been:
7. What types of exoplanets were the first to be discovered because they were easier to detect?
c. Jupiter size
8. Which exoplanet detection method utilizes redshift and blueshift of the parent star?
9. What do astronomers look for during a transit event?
c. a slight dimming of the parent star as the planet passes in front of it
10. The problem with direct imaging is that astronomers weren’t sure if what they were seeing are planets or: b. brown dwarfs
11. The majority of the earth size exoplanets have been discovered via what method?
a. Transits
12. What is the name given to a protostar that has nearly reached its final mass?
T Tauri star
13. What is the relationship between the mass of a star and where it ends up on the Main Sequence in the H-R diagram?
The mass of a star is directly related to its position on the Main Sequence in the H-R diagram, as it dictates the star’s radius, temperature, and luminosity. Large-mass stars fall in the upper part of the diagram, while those with small masses fall in the lower part.
Answer in AT LEAST 5-7 complete sentences for full credit.
14. What exoplanet detection technique are light curves associated with? What is a light curve? How do astronomers use it in the detection of exoplanets? What can we learn about the planet from this method? Make sure to include definitions for full credit.
In the exoplanets study, light curves are associated with the transit detection technique. A light curve is a plot that shows a change in the brightness of a star when a planet blocks part of its light. This curve is formed when a planet crosses in front of its star due to changes in orbital planes, which causes the star to dim for a short period (Fraknoi et al., 2022). Astronomers examine the light curve to detect exoplanets by analyzing the horizontal part of the light curve that shows the absence of an exoplanet and a dip in the curve, which suggests an exoplanet in transit blocked the star’s light. We can learn about the planet’s size using this method. Large planets block more light, producing a large light curve. Therefore, the size of a planet can be estimated using its star’s size and the circular disk of blocked light it forms on the star.
Define the following terms:
Exoplanet: An exoplanet is a distant planetary body that orbits its star located in the solar system.
Radial velocity: Radial velocity refers to the velocity of a star observed towards or away from us. It is measured along the observer’s line of sight using the Doppler effect by analyzing spectral lines.
transit: A transit is an astronomical event that involves the passing of a planet between its star and the observer. This transition cause dimming of the star due the slight blockage of a portion of its light by the planet.
Light curve: A light curve is a graph that illustrates the light intensity of an object in space as a function of time that can be used to measure the brightness of the body.
Main-sequence star: A main-sequence star is a star in its longest phase of life, during which it undergoes nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium.
Molecular cloud: A molecular cloud is a region of gas and dust particles in interstellar space that propagates star formation.
Protostar: A protostar is a star in its earliest phase of evolution, in which it gains energy from the collision of gas clumps.
Tauri star: A T Tauri star is a variable star in the pre-main-sequence stage that displays period and random changes in its brightness.
Accretion is a process in which gaseous and dust particles accumulate to form a massive object due to the gravitational forces acting on them.
Planetesimal: Planetesimal is the accumulation of dust and icy materials that form a rock-like protoplanetary body.
References
Fraknoi, A., Morrison, D., & Wolff , S. (2022). Astronomy 2e. OpenStax . https://openstax.org/details/books/astronomy-2e
1. What is the overarching statement of the Copernican principle?
The central idea behind the Copernican principle is that there is nothing special about the Earth and the Sun in the Milky Way Galaxy and the universe at large (Fraknoi et al., 2022). According to this principle, Earth is merely one of the celestial objects that orbit the Sun, and neither is it located at the center of the solar system. Similarly, the Sun is among the billions of stars located in the Milky Way Galaxy and does not demonstrate anything unique about its positioning in this galaxy. The principle also suggests that there is nothing special about the Milky Way Galaxy in its supercluster. Therefore, the central idea behind this principle is that the components that support life on Earth can be found elsewhere, and all the celestial objects in the solar system can also be found in other galaxies in the universe.
2. What is a key component to habitability?
c. liquid water
3. What are the two main molecular systems that life employs?
Life employs two primary molecular systems: proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (Fraknoi et al., 2022). Proteins are the functional molecules responsible for all the chemical reactions in cells. DNA stores information essential for building cells alongside the cellular chemical and structural components.
5. List the requirements for a habitable environment similar to Earth.
The basic requirements for the habitability of an environment include the following:
6. What is the Drake equation? What is its purpose?
The Drake equation is an equation that equates the total number of civilizations to the product of the rate of civilization formation and the average lifetime in years. It is expressed as N=RstarxfpxfexflxfixfcxL. The equation estimates the number of communicating civilizations present in the Milky Way Galaxy.
7. Describe the Fermi Paradox.
The Fermi Paradox is the contraction between the high possibility of extraterrestrial life and intelligence and the lack of evidence of the existence of other civilizations in the universe. In a nutshell, this paradox suggests that life and intelligence can only be found on Earth or possibly in elsewhere in the universe.
8. What did even the most primitive life require?
The most primitive life required the capacity to extract energy from the surroundings and the ability to encode and replicate information to form reliable copies of itself.
9. Why was the rise in oxygen levels deadly to some microbes?
Oxygen is a highly reactive element; therefore, its increased levels in some microbes would cause irreversible damage to some biomolecules these organisms developed void of oxygen.
10. Where are we current searching for life (evident either in the past or present)?
Currently, we are searching for life on Mars after the deployment of the flyby spacecraft and landers with the capability to collect organic chemistry data.
11. What type of signal is SETI currently focusing on? What other types might it employ as technology advances?
SETI currently focuses on radio, visible light, and infrared signals from space to search for leakage and beacon radiations. As technology advances, SETI might also use X-ray Gamma signals to detect signs of different life forms.
12. List and briefly describe an ethical consideration of communicating with potential alien civilizations.
An ethical issue regarding communicating with potential alien civilizations is the danger of exposing humanity to extraterrestrial life. This consideration raises questions of who should send the signal and our preparedness for any dangers.
Define the following terms:
Astrobiology: Astrobiology is a multidisciplinary scientific field that explores the origin, evolution, and ultimate destiny of intelligent life in the universe.
Biomarker: A biomarker is a chemical used to discover whether life exists on a planetary body in the universe.
Extremophile: An extremophile is an organism capable of surviving under harsh conditions, including extremely low or high temperatures at which most organisms would not thrive.
Habitable zone: A habitable zone is a region surrounding a star where water in liquid form and other conditions that favor life exist.
SETI: SETI is the scientific search for extraterrestrial life and intelligence in the universe by receiving and analyzing radio and visible light signals.
Thermophile: A thermophile is an organism that is capable of surviving in high-temperature environments.
Solvent: A solvent is a liquid that dissolves substances by triggering molecule movement.
Biogenic element: A biogenic element is a chemical element supporting fundamental life processes.
Acidophile: An acidophile is an organism that can tolerate acidic surroundings with pH values approaching zero.
Answer in AT LEAST 5-7 complete sentences for full credit.
10. What are some extreme conditions in which we would not be able to survive but other organisms have been able to?
Extreme conditions are harsh environments in which the majority of life would not survive, but they are habitable to other organisms. Examples include regions of extreme heat, unusual cold, highly acidic, highly salty, high pressure, and extreme ionization radiations (Fraknoi et al., 2022). Thermophiles survive extreme thermal conditions but damage big molecules in most organisms. Psychrophiles comprise cold-adapted cells that make enable them to adapt to the coldest temperatures. Also, there are conditions of extreme acidity or alkalinity, which can be survived by acidophiles and alkaliphiles, respectively. Other extreme conditions include environments with high pressures and ionized radiations that can destroy human cells.
References
Fraknoi, A., Morrison, D., & Wolff, S. (2022). Astronomy 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/details/books/astronomy-2e
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